basic images that are universal in that they recur regardless of culture). Wetherefore currently lack a decisive criterion that would enable clearrulings whether some movements should count as religions (e.g.,Scientology or Cargo cults of the Pacific islands). The book-length study contains a framework and ideas considered by many[who?] "The Psychology of Religion and Coping will provide students with a solid foundation and understanding of religion in the coping process. The journal publishes articles employing experimental and correlational methods, qualitative analyses, and critical reviews of the literature. [48] This emotional distancing enables an individual to experience feelings with an amount of separation, and thus less intensity. Batson refers to extrinsic, intrinsic and quest respectively as Religion-as-means, religion-as-end and religion-as-quest, and measures these constructs on the Religious Life Inventory (Batson, Schoenrade & Ventis, 1993). One major concern of pastoral psychology is to improve the practice of pastoral counseling. One was the growing enthusiasm, first in Europe and then in America, for extending the scientific attitude and methods into the human realm. With a SensagentBox, visitors to your site can access reliable information on over 5 million pages provided by Sensagent.com.  | Last modifications, Copyright © 2012 sensagent Corporation: Online Encyclopedia, Thesaurus, Dictionary definitions and more. Most English definitions are provided by WordNet . STH TY 901: Professional Seminar in Counseling Psychology and Religion This two-credit graduate level seminar will cover significant issues in the field of Counseling Psychology and Religion. U.S. psychologist and philosopher William James (1842–1910) is regarded by most psychologists of religion as the founder of the field. From this view, ritual offers a means to catharsis through behaviors that foster connection with others, allowing for emotional expression. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality ® publishes peer-reviewed, original articles related to the psychological aspects of religion and spirituality. About 75% of the United States reports praying at least once a week. Give contextual explanation and translation from your sites ! Some have said people seek religion to cope with a fear of death, others call it the basis for morality, and various other theories abound. (1995–2002). an offensive content(racist, pornographic, injurious, etc. "Correlates of self-perceptions of spirituality in American adults". For most contemporary scientists, however, it would not be considered an empirical observation. The web service Alexandria is granted from Memodata for the Ebay search. 2003. Psychologists Define Religion: Patterns and Prospects of a Century-Long Quest. His biographies of Gandhi and Martin Luther reveal Erikson's positive view of religion. Each square carries a letter. Various forms of explicitly religious psychotherapies that maintain the traditional psychological framework have recently become more prevalent. [72] However, religious scholars and psychologists advocating the study of religion have contested such views. But in a new book, a psychologist who has studied human motivation for more than 20 years suggests that all these theories are too narrow. The Centre for Psychology of Religion at the UCLouvain, Dept. [78] This opens up the potential for therapists to directly utilize religious practices and principles in therapy, such as prayer, forgiveness, and grace. The tables and graphs in the book were presented in such a way that the last four stages appeared to be validated, but the requirements of statistical verification of the stages did not come close to having been met. Some explanations for the origin of the word are: 1. re-reading--from Latin re (again) + legio(read), referring to the repetition of scripture. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. Ermanno Pavesi (2010). This paradigm was under much attack between approximately 1950 and 1990 but has made a strong comeback since then. Since our intent is to provide a report on the development of the discipline of the psychology of religion and not a critical assessment of the scholarly merits of each book attributed to that development, our For example, religious rituals fulfill the desire for order. Without a sacred substance, religion and spirituality would be indistinguishable from other terms often used within the larger field of psychology, such as well … “Religion has to appeal to both introverts and extroverts,” Reiss said. Measurement in the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality: Current Status and Evaluation. Bergin, A. E. (1980). The psychology of religion consists of the systematic study and interpretation of religion using the methods and theories of contemporary Western psychology. ], so it appears to have at least a reasonable degree of face validity. An authoritarian notion of religion appears detrimental.[11]. Otto's most famous work, The Idea of the Holy (published first in 1917 as Das Heilige), defines the concept of the holy as that which is numinous. COLUMBUS, Ohio – Throughout history, scholars and researchers have tried to identify the one key reason that people are attracted to religion. [citation needed] He served as president of the American Psychological Association, and wrote one of the first psychology textbooks. He thinks that adaptationist explanations for religion do not meet the criteria for adaptations. The challenge for the psychology of religion is essentially threefold: (1) to provide a thoroughgoing description of the objects of investigation, whether they be shared religious content (e.g., a tradition's ritual observances) or individual experiences, attitudes, or conduct; (2) to account in psychological terms for the rise of such phenomena; and (3) to clarify the outcomes—the fruits, as William James put it—of these phenomena, for individuals and for the larger society.[1]. Kenneth Pargament is noted for his book Psychology of Religion and Coping (1997; see article),[16] as well as for a 2007 book on religion and psychotherapy, and a sustained research program on religious coping. Two critical factors stand out. Principe W (1983). of Psychology (IPSY Institute), has as objective to study, from a psychological perspective (concepts, theories and methods), religion and religious phenomena as well as to promote interdisciplinarity between psychology and the human and social sciences of religion. The child of a Zen Buddhist will not become an evangelical Christian or a Zulu warrior without the relevant cultural experience. Thus, the pathways and outcomes that underlie these associations (and sometimes causations) need additional research. [63] By these routes, religion has the potential to offer security and significance in life, as well as valuable human relationships, to foster mental health. Harriet Harris, Anne Lee, This illusion is said to be created by our habitual mode of separating, classifying and labelling our perceptual experiences. & Whoolery, M. (2003). Suppose, for example, one person hears something whereas someone else near that person does not. In North America, psychology of religion primarily stemmed from two major figures, G. Stanley Hall and William James. He and his colleagues surveyed thousands of people and asked them to rate the degree to which they embraced hundreds of different possible goals. [58] Kenneth Pargament is a major contributor to the theory of how individuals may use religion as a resource in coping with stress, His work seems to show the influence of attribution theory. [61] Other studies have found indications of mental health among both the religious and the secular. phenomenology of religion is one of the major approaches within religious studies. Although some psychologists of religion have found it helpful to take a multidimensional approach to religion for the purpose of psychometric scale design, there has been, as Wulff (1997) explains, considerable controversy about whether religion should really be seen as multidimensional. [38] There are four primary types of prayer in the West. His Varieties of Religious Experience is considered to be the classic work in the field, and references to James' ideas are common at professional conferences. Further scientific study of prayer using factor analysis has revealed three dimensions of prayer. Choose the design that fits your site. While the theory can tell us a lot about the types of people who are attracted to religion and different religious experiences, it cannot say anything about the truth of religious beliefs, Reiss said. The round goby, an invasive species that served as prey to the formerly endangered Lake Erie watersnake. American Psychological Association (1990). Letters must be adjacent and longer words score better. Web Services Status | 8 The Psychological Origin and Nature of Religion, chap. James distinguished between institutional religion and personal religion. So presumably, computational approaches can shed light on the nature and scope of religious cognition. Religion even finds ways to deal with the desire for vengeance, Reiss said. Answer: The psychology of religion is the study of religion from the human psychological point of view. When Freud spoke of religion as an illusion, he maintained that it is a fantasy structure from which a man must be set free if he is to grow to maturity. It is very clear and readable, and reflects Michael Argyle’s considerable reputation and experience.’ Fraser Watts, University of Cambridge Should psychology try to explain religion or try to understand it? Researchers at The Ohio State University and University of Georgia have found that predators benefit most from eating invasive prey only if their traditional food sources remain intact. More recently, this distinction has been encapsulated in the terms "intrinsic religion", referring to a genuine, heartfelt devout faith, and "extrinsic religion", referring to a more utilitarian use of religion as a means to an end, such as church attendance to gain social status. The drugs used by religious communities for their hallucinogenic effects were adopted for explicit and implicit religious functions and purposes. It is basically a study of the ways religious faith affects behavior and thinking of adherents. Dan Merkur in his “Psychology of Religion” in The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion (ed. Evolutionary psychologists seek to understand cognitive processes by understanding the survival and reproductive f… A rather different approach, taken, for example, by Glock and Stark (1965), has been to list different dimensions of religion rather than different religious orientations, which relates to how an individual may manifest different forms of being religious. However, this model has been attacked from a standpoint of scientific research due to methodological weaknesses. Bickel, C., Ciarrocchi, J., Sheers, N., & Estadt, B. May include attending church or other worship events and see those by Miller and Thoresen (2003) and Powell, Shahabi and Thorsen (2003); see also the article by Oman and Thoresen, in Paloutzian and Park (1996). Those who were not religious, however, showed a stronger need to be self-reliant and independent. Some questionnaires, such as the Religious Orientation Scale, relate to different religious orientations, such as intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness, referring to different motivations for religious allegiance. He concludes that while the revelations of the mystic hold true, they hold true only for the mystic; for others they are certainly ideas to be considered, but hold no claim to truth without personal experience of such. Roberts, T. B., and Hruby, P. J. Religion and Psychoactive Sacraments An Entheogen Chrestomathy. William James was also interested in mystical experiences from a drug-induced perspective, leading him to make some experiments with nitrous oxide and even peyote. Bader, C., Dougherty, K., Froese, P., Johnson, B., Mencken, F. C., Park, J., et al. For example, religiosity is positively associated with mental disorders that involve an excessive amount of self-control and negatively associated with mental disorders that involve a lack of self-control. Psychology of Religion. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) gave explanations of the genesis of religion in his various writings. University Communications, Request an alternate format of this page | His ideas were also developed in The Future of an Illusion. (1998). [76] A resulting development was theistic psychotherapy. courses in religious studies, or psychology of religion for theology, or those who are just keen to understand religion further. What we call religious experiences can differ greatly. In contrast, individuals predisposed to having a sick-souled religion are unable to ignore evil and suffering, and need a unifying experience, religious or otherwise, to reconcile good and evil. For example, there is the desire for social contact. While all people need to fulfill the same basic desires, not everyone will turn to religion to satisfy them, Reiss said. Promises of an afterlife are designed to help people achieve tranquility. courses in the psychology of religion, the establishment of new journals, books on clinical and health issues, and the development of psychology of religion research that interfaces the theory and topics of the mainstream discipline. One application of the psychology of religion is in pastoral psychology, the use of psychological findings to improve the pastoral care provided by pastors and other clergy, especially in how they support ordinary members of their congregations. Religion, he says, attracts followers because it satisfies all of the 16 basic desires that humans share. (Eds.). It is a mystery (Latin: mysterium tremendum) that is both fascinating (fascinans) and terrifying at the same time; A mystery that causes trembling and fascination, attempting to explain that inexpressible and perhaps supernatural emotional reaction of wonder drawing us to seemingly ordinary and/or religious experiences of grace. James Fowler proposes six stages of faith development as follows: 1. Issue 1c (May 5). Conceptually, it consists of theological principles, a theistic view of personality, and a theistic view of psychotherapy. Evolutionary psychology is based on the hypothesis that, just like hearts, lungs, livers, kidneys, and immune systems, cognition has functional structure that has a genetic basis, and therefore evolved by natural selection. He also describes four major stances toward religion that have been adopted by psychotherapists in their work with clients, which he calls the religiously rejectionist, exclusivist, constructivist, and pluralist stances. However, a sense of free will must be given in order for religion to appear healthy. [2] The early psychologists of religion were fully aware of these difficulties, typically acknowledging that the definitions they were choosing to use were to some degree arbitrary. Psychologists consider that there are various ways in which religion may benefit both physical and mental health, including encouraging healthy lifestyles, providing social support networks and encouraging an optimistic outlook on life; prayer and meditation may also help to benefit physiological functioning. Therefore the development of social and economic security in Europe explains its corresponding secularization due to a lack of need for religion. Thus, religion is only a form of that search for knowledge, within which humans record various experiences and reflections. [5] In fact, "spirituality" has likewise undergone an evolution in the West, from a time when it was essentially a synonym for religion in its original, subjective meaning. Without a sacred substance, religion and spirituality would be indistinguishable from other terms often used within the larger field of psychology, such as well … It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer), All translations of Psychology of Religion. In Totem and Taboo, he applied the idea of the Oedipus complex (involving unresolved sexual feelings of, for example, a son toward his mother and hostility toward his father) and postulated its emergence in the primordial stage of human development. Change the target language to find translations. Meditation can induce an altered state of consciousness characterised by a loss of awareness of extraneous stimuli, one-pointed attention to the meditation object to the exclusion of all other thoughts, and feelings of bliss. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes asked how it was possible to tell the difference between talking to God in a dream, and dreaming about talking to God. “How much an individual values each of those 16 desires corresponds closely to what he or she likes and dislikes about religion.”. In categorizing religious experiences it is perhaps helpful to look at them as explicable through one of two theories: the Objectivist thesis or the Subjectivist thesis. In his book Psychoanalysis and Religion he responded to Freud's theories by explaining that part of the modification is viewing the Oedipus complex as based not so much on sexuality as on a "much more profound desire", namely, the childish desire to remain attached to protecting figures. [44] Three main pathways to explain this trend have been offered: placebo effect, focus and attitude adjustment, and activation of healing processes. 9. Lettris is a curious tetris-clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. Overall, slight health benefits have been found fairly consistently across studies. Evidence suggests that it can be a pathway to both mental health and mental disorder. (2008). For instance, findings suggest that ritual performance indicates group commitment and prevents the uncommitted from gaining membership benefits. Boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words (3 letters or more) as you can in a grid of 16 letters. It also sets a paradigm for the study of religion that focuses on the need to realise the religious as a non-reducible, original category in its own right. Paul Vitz critiqued Fromm’s self-centered approach to psychology and labeled humanist psychology as a religion, unsupported by scientific inquiry. For instance, Sigmund Freud viewed religion as an illusion, a sign of psychological neurosis. Although the psychology of religion first arose as a self-conscious discipline as recently as the late 19th century, all three of these tasks have a history going back many centuries before that.[1]. Hood, R. W. Jr., Spilka, B., Hunsberger, B., & Gorsuch, R. (1996). in Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, Vol. -Psychology is the study of human motivation, cognition, and behavior-look at religious motivation, cognition, and behavior; psychology of religion is but one application of this broad definition.-Attempt to understand the way people relate to their faith.-Search in mind, society, and culture for the nature of religious thinking and behavior. Evolutionary psychology is based on the hypothesis that, just like hearts, lungs, livers, kidneys, and immune systems, cognition has functional structure that has a genetic basis, and therefore evolved by natural selection. In the last several decades, especially among clinical psychologists, a preference for the terms "spirituality" and "spiritual" has emerged, along with efforts to distinguish them from "religion" and "religious." If we, too, achieve perfection, we become one with God. In these communities the absorption of drugs leads to dreams (visions) through sensory distortion. For the past 15 years, I have taught an undergraduate course in the psychology of religion and spirituality. The anatomy of impact: What has made the great works of psychology great? In the psychology of religion, James' influence endures. (More on Stark's work can be found in the article on Sociology of Religion.) The first, descriptive task naturally requires a clarification of one's terms, above all, the word religion. 4895-105. Attempts have been made to apply stage models, such as that of Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg, to how children develop ideas about God and about religion in general. Freud views the idea of God as being a version of the father image, and religious belief as at bottom infantile and neurotic. More recent questionnaires include the Religious Life Inventory of Batson, Schoenrade and Ventis,[32] and the Age-Universal I-E Scale of Gorsuch and Venable. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. See if you can get into the grid Hall of Fame ! In Moses and Monotheism, Freud reconstructed biblical history in accordance with his general theory. “A religious individual may most gloriously carry out his or her own rituals, as a part of his or her cultural identity, but the moment, that person starts to build a wall of separation between the self and the rest of humanity, coaxed by the textual commands of a scripture, the healthy religiousness turns into dangerous fundamentalism, which is a threat to both the self and the society.” However, the conception of religious ritual as an interactive process has since matured and become more scientifically established. An important thing for Adler is that God (or the idea of God) motivates people to act, and that those actions do have real consequences for ourselves and for others. One way that religion enters into this picture is through our beliefs in God, which are characteristic of our tendency to strive for perfection and superiority. This might be due to the guiding framework or social support that it offers to individuals. The wordgames anagrams, crossword, Lettris and Boggle are provided by Memodata. “It’s not just about fear of death. In this way our view of God has changed from one that was concrete and specific to one that is more general. Erikson's theory has not benefited from systematic empirical study, but it remains an influential and well-regarded theory in the psychological study of religion. Whether a person is religious, spiritual or neither, the major influence religion has on American culture will be emphasized over the coming days with religious observances of Passover and Easter. Kenneth I. Pargament, Harold G. Koenig & Lisa M. Perez (2000). Seeman, T., Dubin, L. F., & Seeman, M. (2003). Kenneth I. Pargament, PhD, is a leading expert in the psychology of religion and spirituality. To the extent that mental architecture exhibits intricate processes and structures, it is plausible to think that this is the result of evolutionary processes working over vast periods of time. [3] With the rise of positivistic trends in psychology over the course of the 20th century, especially the demand that all phenomena be measured, psychologists of religion developed a multitude of scales, most of them developed for use with Protestant Christians. ○   Wildcard, crossword Personal religion, in which the individual has mystical experience, can be experienced regardless of the culture. Some reports exist of supernatural happenings that it would be difficult to explain from a rational, scientific point of view. James included quotations from Leo Tolstoy and John Bunyan to illustrate the sick soul. He is professor of psychology at Bowling Green State University (Ohio, USA), and has published more than 100 papers on the subject of religion and spirituality in psychology. These dimensions of religion were measured on the Religious Orientation Scale of Allport and Ross (1967). [71], Given historical animosity between science and religion (Haque, 2001), controversy surrounding the scientific study of religion is expected. Fuller, A. R. (1994). Otto explained the numinous as a "non-rational, non-sensory experience or feeling whose primary and immediate object is outside the self." Robinson, P. W., Thiel, M., Backus, M., & Meyer, E. (2006). He concludes: "Psychology as religion implies imagining all psychological events as effects of Gods in the soul. To the extent that the mechanisms controlling the acquisitions and transmission of religious concepts rely on human brains, the mechanisms are open to computational analysis. The extraordinary range of methods and frameworks can be helpfully summed up regarding the classic distinction between the natural-scientificand human-scientific approaches. 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